Mental fatigue and ball sports: a narrative review focused on physical, technical, and tactical performance

Abstract Aim: This narrative review aimed to explore the effect of mental fatigue on physical, technical, and tactical performance in ball sports. Methods: Three Databases, PUBMED, SCOPUS, and SCIELO, were used to search for a scientific publication. The criterions adopted were: a) published in a peer-reviewed journal; b) adopted at least one manipulation check related to mental fatigue; c) mental fatigue induced by a cognitive task before the outcome task, and d) study participants were ball sports athletes. Result: The quality of this narrative review was rated at 11 (SANRA scale 0-12), and the papers analyzed were published between 2015 and 2022. Twenty-one experimental studies were included in this review. Most studies were in invasion sports (n = 13; 72%), and non-ecological tasks were used to induce mental fatigue (n = 15; 83%). Regarding performance in endurance tests, mentally fatigued athletes had performance impaired. However, when assessed during a small-sided or simulated game, data were inconclusive within the literature. Moreover, athletes presented attenuated perceptual skills (e.g., visual field). Consequently, this worsened motor skills, technical-tactical performances, and tactical behavior. Conclusions: Cognitively demanding tasks should be avoided before training and sports competitions because they can lead the athlete to mental fatigue and impair performance. This impairment is identified in physical performance (endurance tasks) and technical and tactical performance. Finally, it is recommended that athletes do not perform tasks that cause mental fatigue 2 h before the sports event.

Coeficientes de performance preditores da vitória do set no voleibol escolar / Coefficient of performance predictors of set victory in school volleyball

RESUMO O desempenho técnico-tático é fundamental para a vitória no voleibol, deste modo, é importante identificar indicadores associados com a vitória no set. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar e associar os coeficientes de performance técnico-tático em função do resultado do set no voleibol feminino escolar. Participaram do estudo atletas escolares, com idade entre 12 e 14 anos. Foram analisados 27 jogos, resultando em 57 sets, 7194 ações (saque= 2380; recepção de saque= 2157; levantamento= 1358; e ataque= 1299). Posteriormente, foi calculado o coeficiente de performance por ação e set. Utilizou-se de regressão logística binária, para verificar a associação dos coeficientes de performance com a vitória do set. O coeficiente de performance de saque classificado como "bom" mostrou-se como principal preditor de vitória no set (OR = 29,46), seguido por levantamento "bom" (OR= 15,87), e ataque "bom" (OR= 7,32). O saque é o principal preditor de performance no presente estudo, seguido pelo levantamento e ataque. Esses resultados sugerem que o saque deve ser priorizado no treinamento, já que aumenta as chances de vitória no set.

ABSTRACT Technical-tactical performance is essencial to victory in volleyball, so it is important to identify indicators associated with winning the set. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify and associate the technical-tactical coefficient of performance based on the result of the set in the school female volleyball. School athletes participated in the study (age between 12-14 years old). 27 match were analyzed, resulting in 57 sets, 7194 actions (serve= 2380, serve reception= 2157, set= 1358; and attack= 1299). Subsequently, the performance coefficient per action and set was calculated. Binary logistic regression was used to verify the association of the performance coefficients with victory of the set. The serve performance coefficient classified as "good" proved to be a major victory predictor set (OR= 29.46), followed by set classified as "good" (OR= 15.87), and attack classified as "good" (OR= 7.32). The serve is the major predictor in the present study, followed by serve and attack. These results suggest that serve should be prioritized in training, as it increases the chances of victory.

Associação Entre a Técnica Utilizada e o Desempenho Técnico-Tático no Voleibol Escolar Feminino / Association between the Technique Used and the Technical-Tactical Performance in Female School Volleyball

O voleibol é praticado por meio dos fundamentos de saque, recepção de saque, levantamento, ataque, bloqueio e defesa, empregando-se um conjunto de técnicas que podem interferir na qualidade das ações. Deste modo, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a associação da técnica utilizada nas ações do saque, de recepção de saque, do levantamento e do ataque com a qualidade das ações. Participaram do estudo 11 escolas/equipes, que competiram durante os "Jogos Escolares da Paraíba", com idades entre 12 a 14 anos, sendo todos do sexo feminino. Os jogos foram filmados usando uma câmera para análise posterior. Ao total foram analisados 27 jogos, resultando em 47 sets, nas ações de saque (2.380), recepção de saque (2.157), levantamento (1.358) e ataque (1.299). Para classificar a qualidade das ações foram utilizadas duas escalas, de acordo com a finalidade da ação. O teste do Qui-quadrado foi usado para verificar a associação das técnicas aplicadas em cada fundamento com a qualidade das ações. O saque tipo tênis foi o predominante utilizado no saque (81,2%), a manchete para recepção de saque e levantamento (85% e 65,8%, respectivamente) e corte com e sem salto para ataque (∑= 53,6%). Houve associação entre as técnicas e a qualidade da ação de saque (ꭕ2= 114,612; p< 0,001), recepção de saque (ꭕ2= 70,693; p< 0,001), levantamento (ꭕ2= 205,864; p< 0,001) e ataque (ꭕ2= 241,678; p<0,001). Os resultados deste estudo demostram que a técnica interfere na qualidade das ações. Assim, as principais técnicas foram saque tipo tênis (saque), toque (recepção de saque e levantamento) e corte com salto (ataque). (AU)

Volleyball is played by means of fundamentals serve, serve reception, set, attack, block and defense using a set of techniques that can interfere in the quality of actions. The aim of this research was to analyze the association of the technique used in the actions of the serve, serve reception, set and attack with the quality of actions. Eleven schools / teams competed during the "Paraíba School Games", 12 to 14 years old, female. The games were filmed using a camera for further analysis. In the total 27 games were analyzed, resulting in 47 sets, in the actions of serve (2.380), serve reception (2,157), set (1,358) and attack (1,299). To classify the quality of actions, two scales were used according to the purpose of the action. The Chi-square test was used to verify the association of applied techniques in each foundation with the quality of actions. The standing type was the predominant used in the serve (81.2%), forearm pass for serve reception and set (85% and 65,8%, respectively) and spike with and without jump for attack (Σ = 53.6 %). There was association between the techniques and the quality of the serve action (ꭕ2= 114,612; p< 0,001), serve reception (ꭕ2= 70,693; p< 0,001), set (ꭕ2= 205,864; p< 0,001) and attack (ꭕ2= 241,678; p<0,001). The results of this study demonstrate that the technique interferes in the quality of actions. Thus, the main techniques were standing type (serve), overhand (serve reception and set) and spike with jump (attack).(AU).